Weird science facts, November 30 — December 6

Another week of non-stop Twitter #weirdscifacts!  How much more can I go on??!!  I hope for another few months, at least!

627. Nov 30: Bertholdia trigona, the tiger moth that can jam a bat’s echolocation with ultrasound!  Bats seek their prey using echolocation: seeing with sound waves.  Just like a radar jammer can block radio signals, the tiger moth can scramble a bat’s echolocation using its own ultrasound!

628. Dec 01: The giant weta: how giant do you like your insects?  (h/t @msbellows)  This is a pretty amazing insect but, as David Winter noted, it isn’t the largest insect on the planet by any measure, as the article reports!

629. Dec 02: I’m on an insect kick: Chan’s megastick, 22 inches long and with winged eggs! This giant insect is doubly odd, with its winged eggs!  The article describes them as a Harry Potter “snitch”, but this isn’t what they really look like.  The wings do serve a practical purpose, however: allowing the eggs to glide sufficiently far from the parent’s tree so that there isn’t competition between parent and offspring.

630. Dec 03: 65 billion solar neutrinos pass through every square cm of the Earth every second.  An unfathomable amount of neutrinos pass through the human body, and the entire Earth, every second!  Neutrinos interact so weakly with ordinary matter that they are exceedingly likely to pass through the entire planet without a single interaction.

631. Dec 04: Henry the tuatara, who became a dad at 111 years old (with a 70-something year old mate).  Age is very relative!  The long-lived tuataras can apparently breed up through exceedingly old age.

632. Dec 05: Wild gorilla tool use: Leah probing the depth of swampy water!  A number of primates are known to use tools, but wild gorillas were not known to do this until around 2005, when Leah was spotted using a stick to probe the depth of a treacherous swamp.  This is a surprising level of sophistication, and has led to a reassessment of gorilla intelligence and social structure; see photos of Leah in the act here. (This fact comes via @mireyamayor‘s memoir, Pink Boots and a Machete, which I hope to review soon!)

633. Dec 06: The planet Mercury, where a single day lasts 2 years!  Mercury actually takes 88 days to orbit the Sun; from a “fixed” perspective, it rotates completely on its axis 1.5 times for every orbit.  Keep in mind, though, that one full rotation per orbit would leave the same side of the planet illuminated all the time!  1.5 rotations per orbit means that, after one year,  it is full night on Mercury; after one more year, it is noon again.

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Open Lab 2011: the finalists announced! (and I’m one of them!)

I got a spot of nice news yesterday:  the finalists for Open Lab 2011 were announced, and one of my posts will be included!

For those who are unfamiliar, The Open Laboratory is a collection of the “best” science writing online over the past year.  I put “best” in quotation marks because there is a ton of good science writing that is submitted — some 700 submissions were whittled down to a mere 51 — and there were certainly lots of Open Lab-worthy posts that simply couldn’t be fit in!  With that in mind, I’m honored that my post on the Mpemba effect made the cut.  This is the second year that I’ve made it into Open Lab, which gives me some reassurance that I’m doing something right!

The complete list of finalists is posted on Cocktail Party Physics.  It is a wonderful collection of posts, and major credit should be giving to Jennifer Ouellette as the guest editor for this year’s edition (she even removed one of her own worthy posts from consideration to allow someone else to be recognized in the collection).

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Weird Fiction Monday: Away From It All

It’s time for Weird Fiction Monday, when I post stories that I’ve written — both new and old — for the entertainment (hopefully) of my readers!  As always, I note that I haven’t done extensive editing of the tales here, so don’t be surprised to find the writing a little rough.

This is another one from the archives, first written at the end of 1998.

Away From It All

When people are dying mysteriously in the mountains, a clever vacationer can get a really good deal on a hunting cabin out there. At least that’s what Mark had told them when he agreed to make the arrangements for them that summer. As it turned out, the deal wasn’t so great, and people were still dying under mysterious circumstances by the time of the trip, but they all had money to kill, and vacation time to burn, and guns to defend themselves with, so they decided to make the trek anyway.

They used Jake’s Cherokee to cover most of the distance from the big city, and Toby volunteered to drive it as far as they could take it. The cabin wasn’t accessible by road, so they had to park the jeep in a small lot about seven miles away and make the rest of the journey on foot.

The walk was hard than any of them expected. Up and down the foothills they hiked, and across small runoff streams, following the thin, almost nonexistent trail that the cabin’s lessor had promised would lead them to their vacation spot for the week. Not surprisingly, well before the log-constructed edifice came into view, Toby was complaining quite vocally about the long walk.

“I just don’t see why we need to be situated so far away from everything,” he said, pulling at the straps to his backpack uncomfortably. “I’ve seen hunters perfectly happy working right off the expressways.”

Jake looked sideways at Mark, then turned to look back at Toby.

“How many deer do you think we’ll get stomping through the bush with an army of other guys? This is the way to hunt – away from everyone and everything. Except the deer.”

“Even the deer probably don’t come this far,” Toby muttered.

Mark and Jake exchanged another glance, and the implied question between them was easily understandable. Would they have to put up with this shit for the entire week?

“Besides,” Mark said to Toby, waving an arm vaguely at the forest around them. “We’ll only be making this hike one more time – to leave. We’ll spend the week sitting in place, waiting for the animals to come to us. And we’re here already.”

The trail they had been following wandered to the edge of a reasonably large clearing and faded out. The cabin awaited them within the clearing. Jake noticed with some displeasure that it seemed a little older and less sophisticated than Mark had suggested it would be, and he wondered if that had been Mark’s exaggeration or the owner’s. This building might be a hundred years old, or more. The exterior wood was almost completely blackened, the result of the rot of countless winters. The top of the chimney listed grossly towards the surrounding forest, as if it were trying to tear itself free. Low, stunted weeds grew all throughout the clearing, leading right up to the first steps of the cabin.

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A Brief History of Stephen Hawking!

In September of this year, the Perimeter Institute of Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Canada opened their new Stephen Hawking Centre to provide more space for more researchers to investigate the foundations of physics.  As part of their opening celebration, they produced a short film on the life and works of the inspirational Stephen Hawking, and they were kind enough to forward me a link to the video.

If you have 5 minutes, enjoy “A Brief History of Stephen Hawking”!

(One thing I realized while watching the video that I should have learned long ago: Pink Floyd used excerpts of Stephen Hawking’s words and electronic voice in their song, “Keep Talking“.  The video for “Keep Talking” is here!)

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Weird science facts, November 23 — November 29

Another week of Twitter #weirdscifacts!  It’s kind of hard to believe that I’ve been doing this for over 600 days straight.

620. Nov 23: Can’t beat this today: ‘Brinicle‘ ice finger of death filmed in Antarctic!  Supercold brine descends, ever so slowly, to the sea bed, where it spreads rapidly and freezes everything in its path…

621. Nov 24: Dolbear’s Law (1897): the possibility to crudely estimate temperature via cricket chirp rates. 

622. Nov 25:  Wood frogs with natural antifreeze can survive up to 65% of body water freezing. I saw “The Muppets” on this particular day, so it seemed appropriate to use a frog-themed tweet!

623. Nov 26: In 1874, physicist William Thomson proposed to his future wife by signaling from ship to shore. 

624. Nov 27: Because he couldn’t find a decent chemistry textbook, Mendeleev wrote his own & constructed the periodic table in process.  It’s quite fascinating to think that the entire history of chemistry might have been different if the existing textbooks hadn’t sucked!

625. Nov 28: Flying frogs? Well, gliding frogs, but still weird!  These are not as odd as the “flying snakes” that we’ve discussed previously, but I had a bunch of frog facts on hand…

626. Nov 29: Every calcium ion in your skeleton gets replaced about every 20 yrs! (h/t @krystaldcosta @bonegirlphd)

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No “Weird Fiction Monday” this week!

I knew I wouldn’t be able to keep up a story a week indefinitely, and this week real life finally caught up with me!  I ended up having to prepare a talk and a lecture all day Sunday, and today I was essentially traveling all day in order to give a talk in Durham, and just got back less than an hour ago.

Too exhausted to prepare a post today, so I’ll catch up on the weirdness next week!

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“On matter as a form of energy” (written in 1881)

It is unarguably the most famous scientific equation of all time:

E= mc^2.

This equation, developed in the early 1900s by Albert Einstein as a consequence of his special theory of relativity, implies that energy E and mass m are equivalent and interchangeable, with a constant of proportionality equal to the square of the speed of light, c.  This means that energy can be converted into mass, and vice versa: this simple equation is an essential ingredient in nuclear physics, and both nuclear power and nuclear weapons (which convert mass into energy) were developed from its implications.

For another take on the equation, we can turn to Einstein himself (tip o’ the hat to Ptak):

Einstein’s remarkable success and fame has led to a lot of jealousy, and there is a small contingent of doubters — to my knowledge, all non-scientists — who seek to tear down all of his accomplishments, often by attributing them to someone else.  Einstein’s most famous equation is not exempt from these criticisms; for many years some of Einstein’s critics accused Einstein of essentially plagarizing the work of German physicist Friedrich Hasenöhrl, who in 1904 suggested that a cavity containing electromagnetic (light) energy should have an inertia (effective mass) given by the formula:

E = \frac{3}{8}mc^2.

The criticism is unfair, as Hasenöhrl made his derivation regarding a specific problem — the inertia of electromagnetic radiation in a cavity — and did not generalize it, as Einstein did, to all forms of energy (and all masses).  Hasenöhrl, and others in his time, essentially failed to see the forest for the trees, and nibbled on the edge of a greater understanding.  Recently, Hasenöhrl came back into the public eye due to a new analysis of his work, which treats him kindly but still gives credit to Einstein.

However, if we indulge the critics of Einstein for a moment and call Einstein’s work a ripoff of Hasenöhrl, then we must also call Hasenöhrl’s work a ripoff of the work of A.E. Dolbear!  In 1881, Dolbear published a paper* with the title “On matter as a form of energy”: 23 years before Hasenöhrl!

Let’s take a look at Dolbear’s essentially unknown but fascinating speculations, and what they tell us about the significance of the work of Einstein and Hasenöhrl.

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Posted in History of science, Physics | 4 Comments

Weird science facts, November 16 — November 22

Another week of Twitter #weirdscifacts!!!

613. Nov 16: In 1898, August Bier tested effectiveness of spinal anesthesia on assistant by beating crap out of him.  I quote: “Bier stabbed, hammered and burned his assistant, pulled out his pubic hairs and – presumably eager to leave no stone unturned in testing the new method’s efficiency – squashed his testicles.”

614. Nov 17: “Scientists create lightest material on Earth“.  I think they mean “lowest density”, but still cool!  This metal material is apparently even lower density than aerogel, which has been featured before in these facts.

615. Nov 18: Consider Hilbert’s infinite hotel, a mathematical “paradox”.  I posted this fact on the day that the hotel for ScienceOnline 2012 was made available for booking.  In the panic to get a room in the main hotel (which I, regrettably, shared in), it seemed appropriate to post about a hotel with an infinite number of rooms, all full, but which nevertheless has an infinite amount of space available.

616. Nov 19: Robert Goddard, rocket pioneer, had his theories trashed in New York Times soon after publication!  The hilarious part of this editorial is that it accuses Goddard of not knowing basic science, while revealing the writer’s own ignorance at the same time.

617. Nov 20: Male ring-tailed lemurs fight for dominance by trying to “out-stink” one another.  Many people on Twitter suggested that this is not so different from the behavior of human males.

618. Nov 21: Barking piranhas?  The fact that piranhas bark is almost eclipsed by the bizarre techniques used to provoke them into barking — researchers nearly lost fingers!

619. Nov 22: Fairy wasps shrink to the size of amoeba by sacrificing their neurons.  These creatures are really amazing — an entire multi-celled insect the size of an amoeba.    (h/t @jenlucpiquant)

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I’m a direct academic descendant of Galileo?

This is really neat — a friend and colleague of mine at the University of Toronto worked up the academic pedigree of our (mutual) graduate advisor Emil Wolf, using data from the Mathematics Genealogy Project.  In short, Emil is a direct descendant (student of a student of a student of…) of such luminaries as Isaac Newton and Galileo Galilei!  This in turn means that I’m also a direct descendant of these amazing scientists!

What does this mean for me?  Well, not much, really!  It is rather fascinating, however, to see how much of physics can be traced directly back to some of the oldest practitioners.  It emphasizes again that physics, and science in general, is a process which builds upon the knowledge developed by those who have come before.

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Weird Fiction Monday: The Invitation

It’s time for Weird Fiction Monday, when I post stories that I’ve written — both new and old — for the entertainment (hopefully) of my readers!  As always, I note that I haven’t done extensive editing of the tales here, so don’t be surprised to find the writing a little rough.

I was hoping to finish a new story to post here this week, but my stories — like my science blog posts — always take much longer to write than I anticipate.  So instead, I present a story that I wrote sometime around 1996.  I’m not quite sure what to make of it…

The Invitation

When the van finally pulled up in front of the school at five minutes past six, Dustin Pendleton had just moved outside anxiously to wait for its arrival. The side of the vehicle read ‘Simms Heating’, and a large dirty looking man, probably a union worker, stepped slowly out of it. He glanced back and forth disinterestedly across the length of the elementary school building for a moment while he adjusted his tool belt, and then he focused on Dustin.

Dustin moved towards him eagerly, extended an arm forward in greeting.
“You’re the one who called about the heating problem?” the dirty man asked, glancing at Dustin’s extended hand but not shaking it. His name tag read ‘Porter’, but Pendleton disregarded it at first.

“Yes, I’m Mr. Pendleton, principal of Coleridge Elementary. I’m terribly sorry to bother you on a Saturday. Are you Simms?”

The man shook his head, stepping past Pendleton and looking at the building again. “I’m Porter. Simms owns the company; I just do the work.”

“Well, maybe we should get to it then,” Pendleton piped up, feeling too impatient. “Let’s take care of this before it gets dark outside.”

Porter walked towards the main doors, and Pendleton scurried ahead to unlock them.
“So what’s the problem?” Porter asked, stepping inside.

“Well, it’s a problem with our heating ducts apparently. Its seems like we’re having some heat flow problems, not enough heat getting to certain rooms, and the like. Maybe you can find out what the problem is.”

“In a building this old, usually the original heating systems aren’t designed too well,” Porter commented, glancing at the walls as the pair walked down the hall. Coleridge Elementary certainly was an old building; it had been built in the early twenties, a product of post war prosperity. Now, however, the aged stone walls and worn tiled floors made the corridors look bleak and unfriendly.

“Our duct work is fairly new,” Pendleton corrected quickly. “In the 1970s the city installed new tubing, just before money started to get tight. They just suspended the new ducts from the ceiling, since there’s ample room, as you can see.”

He pointed up to one of the aluminum tunnels as they passed under it, a rectangular tube cutting across the corridor between classrooms. Porter nodded, but didn’t say anything; he looked somewhat bored, actually. The duo marched down the halls in silence for another minute, and then they had arrived at an unmarked door.

“The furnace is in here,” Pendleton waved towards the portal. “I don’t know if you want to look at that, because most of the rooms get heat just fine…”

“Can you show me which rooms are having trouble?” Porter interrupted, adjusting his belt. That was the question Pendleton had been waiting for, and he blurted out, almost too eagerly, “Of course! Let me show you!”

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